Changing essay titles annually prevents previous cohorts sharing their essays with new students. Designing essays that test for complex cognitive skills deter academic misconduct as the skills on evaluation, application and original argument are harder to demonstrate. Teachers might require students to work with highly specific sources, for example a particular academic article, news story, or an aspect of a class discussion as this reduces the chance of pre-existing material being available. Requiring a brief additional element that demonstrates the students' understanding of its content, perhaps through a justification of which sources have been used, helps maintain good academic practice as students are tasked with justifying their approach rather than simply producing answers. Asking students to show plans or annotated bibliographies ahead of the final submission (these do not need to be marked, although mistakes should be identified) can also limit misconduct. If software such as Turnitin is being used, let students know in advance (students might also use Turnitin to check their own work for unintentional poor referencing).